Responsive webdesign medieforespørgsler

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Hvad er en medieforespørgsel?

Medieforespørgsel er en CSS-teknik introduceret i CSS3.

Den bruger reglen @media til kun at inkludere en blok af CSS-egenskaber, hvis en en bestemt betingelse er sand.

Eksempel

Hvis browservinduet er 600px eller mindre, vil baggrundsfarven være lyseblå:

@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
	body {
		background-color: lightblue;
	}
}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
body {
  background-color: lightgreen;
}

@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
  body {
    background-color: lightblue;
  }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Resize the browser window. When the width of this document is 600 pixels or less, the background-color is "lightblue", otherwise it is "lightgreen".</p>

</body>
</html>

Tilføj et brudpunkt

Tidligere i denne vejledning lavede vi en webside med rækker og kolonner, og den var responsiv, men den så ikke godt ud på en lille skærm.

Medieforespørgsler kan hjælpe med det. Vi kan tilføje et brudpunkt, hvor visse dele af designet vil opføre sig forskelligt på hver side af brudpunktet.


Desktop

Phone

Brug en medieforespørgsel til at tilføje et brudpunkt ved 768px:

Eksempel

Når skærmen (browservinduet) bliver mindre end 768px, skal hver kolonne have en bredde på 100 %:

/* For desktop: */
.col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
.col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
.col-3 {width: 25%;}
.col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
.col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
.col-6 {width: 50%;}
.col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
.col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
.col-9 {width: 75%;}
.col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
.col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 
100%;}
@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {
  /* For mobile phones: */
    
[class*="col-"] {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
* {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.row::after {
  content: "";
  clear: both;
  display: block;
}

[class*="col-"] {
  float: left;
  padding: 15px;
}

html {
  font-family: "Lucida Sans", sans-serif;
}

.header {
  background-color: #9933cc;
  color: #ffffff;
  padding: 15px;
}

.menu ul {
  list-style-type: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.menu li {
  padding: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 7px;
  background-color: #33b5e5;
  color: #ffffff;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.menu li:hover {
  background-color: #0099cc;
}

.aside {
  background-color: #33b5e5;
  padding: 15px;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 14px;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.footer {
  background-color: #0099cc;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 12px;
  padding: 15px;
}

/* For desktop: */
.col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
.col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
.col-3 {width: 25%;}
.col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
.col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
.col-6 {width: 50%;}
.col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
.col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
.col-9 {width: 75%;}
.col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
.col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 100%;}

@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {
  /* For mobile phones: */
  [class*="col-"] {
    width: 100%;
  }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="header">
  <h1>Chania</h1>
</div>

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-3 menu">
    <ul>
    <li>The Flight</li>
    <li>The City</li>
    <li>The Island</li>
    <li>The Food</li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="col-6">
    <h1>The City</h1>
    <p>Chania is the capital of the Chania region on the island of Crete. The city can be divided in two parts, the old town and the modern city.</p>
  </div>

  <div class="col-3 right">
    <div class="aside">
      <h2>What?</h2>
      <p>Chania is a city on the island of Crete.</p>
      <h2>Where?</h2>
      <p>Crete is a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea.</p>
      <h2>How?</h2>
      <p>You can reach Chania airport from all over Europe.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="footer">
  <p>Resize the browser window to see how the content respond to the resizing.</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Design altid til mobil først

Mobile First betyder at designe til mobil før design til desktop eller andre anden enhed (Dette vil gøre siden vist hurtigere på mindre enheder).

Det betyder, at vi skal lave nogle ændringer i vores CSS.

I stedet for at ændre stil, når bredden bliver mindre end 768px, bør vi ændre designet, når bredden bliver større end 768 pixels. Dette vil gøre vores design Mobile First:

Eksempel

/* For mobile phones: */
[class*="col-"] {
  width: 100%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 
768px) {
  /* For desktop: */
  .col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
  .col-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
    .col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
  .col-6 {width: 50%;}
  .col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
    .col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
  .col-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
    .col-12 {width: 100%;}
}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
* {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.row::after {
  content: "";
  clear: both;
  display: table;
}

[class*="col-"] {
  float: left;
  padding: 15px;
}

html {
  font-family: "Lucida Sans", sans-serif;
}

.header {
  background-color: #9933cc;
  color: #ffffff;
  padding: 15px;
}

.menu ul {
  list-style-type: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.menu li {
  padding: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 7px;
  background-color: #33b5e5;
  color: #ffffff;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.menu li:hover {
  background-color: #0099cc;
}

.aside {
  background-color: #33b5e5;
  padding: 15px;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 14px;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.footer {
  background-color: #0099cc;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 12px;
  padding: 15px;
}

/* For mobile phones: */
[class*="col-"] {
  width: 100%;
}

@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  /* For desktop: */
  .col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
  .col-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
  .col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
  .col-6 {width: 50%;}
  .col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
  .col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
  .col-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
  .col-12 {width: 100%;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="header">
  <h1>Chania</h1>
</div>

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-3 menu">
    <ul>
      <li>The Flight</li>
      <li>The City</li>
      <li>The Island</li>
      <li>The Food</li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="col-6">
    <h1>The City</h1>
    <p>Chania is the capital of the Chania region on the island of Crete. The city can be divided in two parts, the old town and the modern city.</p>
  </div>

  <div class="col-3 right">
    <div class="aside">
      <h2>What?</h2>
      <p>Chania is a city on the island of Crete.</p>
      <h2>Where?</h2>
      <p>Crete is a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea.</p>
      <h2>How?</h2>
      <p>You can reach Chania airport from all over Europe.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="footer">
  <p>Resize the browser window to see how the content respond to the resizing.</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Endnu et brudpunkt

Du kan tilføje så mange pausepunkter, som du vil.

Vi vil også indsætte et brudpunkt mellem tablets og mobiltelefoner.


Desktop

Tablet

Phone

Det gør vi ved at tilføje en medieforespørgsel mere (ved 600px) og et sæt nye klasser til enheder større end 600px (men mindre end 768px):

Eksempel

Bemærk, at de to sæt klasser er næsten identiske, den eneste forskellen er navnet (col- og col-s-):

/* For mobile phones: */
[class*="col-"] {
  width: 100%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {
    
/* For tablets: */
  .col-s-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-s-2 {width: 16.66%;}
    .col-s-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-s-4 {width: 33.33%;}
  .col-s-5 {width: 41.66%;}
    .col-s-6 {width: 50%;}
  .col-s-7 {width: 58.33%;}
  .col-s-8 {width: 66.66%;}
    .col-s-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-s-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-s-11 {width: 91.66%;}
    .col-s-12 {width: 100%;}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 
768px) {
  /* For desktop: */
  .col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
    .col-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
  .col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
    .col-6 {width: 50%;}
  .col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
  .col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
    .col-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
    .col-12 {width: 100%;}
}

Det kan virke mærkeligt, at vi har to sæt identiske klasser, men det giver os mulighed i HTML for at bestemme, hvad der skal ske med kolonnerne ved hver brudpunkt:

HTML eksempel

Til desktop:

Den første og den tredje sektion vil begge strække sig over 3 kolonner hver. Den midterste sektion vil spænde over 6 kolonner.

Til tablets:

Den første sektion vil spænde over 3 kolonner, den anden spænder over 9, og den tredje sektion vil blive vist under de første to sektioner, og den vil spænde over 12 kolonner:

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-3 col-s-3">...</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-s-9">...</div>
  <div class="col-3 col-s-12">...</div>
</div>

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
* {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.row::after {
  content: "";
  clear: both;
  display: table;
}

[class*="col-"] {
  float: left;
  padding: 15px;
}

html {
  font-family: "Lucida Sans", sans-serif;
}

.header {
  background-color: #9933cc;
  color: #ffffff;
  padding: 15px;
}

.menu ul {
  list-style-type: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.menu li {
  padding: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 7px;
  background-color: #33b5e5;
  color: #ffffff;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.menu li:hover {
  background-color: #0099cc;
}

.aside {
  background-color: #33b5e5;
  padding: 15px;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 14px;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.footer {
  background-color: #0099cc;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 12px;
  padding: 15px;
}

/* For mobile phones: */
[class*="col-"] {
  width: 100%;
}

@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {
  /* For tablets: */
  .col-s-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-s-2 {width: 16.66%;}
  .col-s-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-s-4 {width: 33.33%;}
  .col-s-5 {width: 41.66%;}
  .col-s-6 {width: 50%;}
  .col-s-7 {width: 58.33%;}
  .col-s-8 {width: 66.66%;}
  .col-s-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-s-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-s-11 {width: 91.66%;}
  .col-s-12 {width: 100%;}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  /* For desktop: */
  .col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
  .col-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
  .col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
  .col-6 {width: 50%;}
  .col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
  .col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
  .col-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
  .col-12 {width: 100%;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="header">
  <h1>Chania</h1>
</div>

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-3 col-s-3 menu">
    <ul>
      <li>The Flight</li>
      <li>The City</li>
      <li>The Island</li>
      <li>The Food</li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="col-6 col-s-9">
    <h1>The City</h1>
    <p>Chania is the capital of the Chania region on the island of Crete. The city can be divided in two parts, the old town and the modern city.</p>
  </div>

  <div class="col-3 col-s-12">
    <div class="aside">
      <h2>What?</h2>
      <p>Chania is a city on the island of Crete.</p>
      <h2>Where?</h2>
      <p>Crete is a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea.</p>
      <h2>How?</h2>
      <p>You can reach Chania airport from all over Europe.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="footer">
  <p>Resize the browser window to see how the content respond to the resizing.</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Typiske enhedsbrudpunkter

Der er tonsvis af skærme og enheder med forskellige højder og bredder, så det er svært at oprette et nøjagtigt brudpunkt for hver enhed. For at holde tingene enkle kan du målrette fem grupper:

Eksempel

 /* 
  Extra small devices (phones, 600px and down) */
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) 
  {...} 
/* Small devices (portrait tablets and large phones, 600px and up) 
  */
@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {...} 
/* Medium devices (landscape tablets, 768px and up) */
  @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {...} 
/* Large devices (laptops/desktops, 992px and up) 
  */
  @media only screen and (min-width: 992px) {...} 
/* Extra large devices (large 
  laptops and desktops, 
  1200px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) {...}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
.example {
  padding: 20px;
  color: white;
}
/* Extra small devices (phones, 600px and down) */
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
  .example {background: red;}
}

/* Small devices (portrait tablets and large phones, 600px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {
  .example {background: green;}
}

/* Medium devices (landscape tablets, 768px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  .example {background: blue;}
} 

/* Large devices (laptops/desktops, 992px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 992px) {
  .example {background: orange;}
} 

/* Extra large devices (large laptops and desktops, 1200px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) {
  .example {background: pink;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Typical Media Query Breakpoints</h2>
<p class="example">Resize the browser window to see how the background color of this paragraph changes on different screen sizes.</p>

</body>
</html>

Orientering: Portræt/Landskab

Medieforespørgsler kan også bruges til at ændre layout på en side afhængigt af browserens orientering.

Du kan have et sæt CSS-egenskaber, der kun vil gælder, når browservinduet er bredere end dets højde, et såkaldt "Landskab" orientering:

Eksempel

Websiden vil have en lyseblå baggrund, hvis orienteringen er i liggende tilstand:

@media only screen and (orientation: landscape) {
	body {
		background-color: lightblue;
	}
}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
body {
  background-color: lightgreen;
}

@media only screen and (orientation: landscape) {
  body {
    background-color: lightblue;
  }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Resize the browser window. When the width of this document is larger than the height, the background color is "lightblue", otherwise it is "lightgreen".</p>

</body>
</html>

Skjul elementer med medieforespørgsler

En anden almindelig brug af medieforespørgsler er at skjule elementer på forskellige skærmstørrelser:

I will be hidden on small screens.

Eksempel

 /* If the screen size is 600px wide or less, hide the element */
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
	div.example {
		display: none;
	}
}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<style>
div.example {
  background-color: yellow;
  padding: 20px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
  div.example {
    display: none;
  }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Hide elements on different screen sizes</h2>

<div class="example">Example DIV.</div>

<p>When the browser's width is 600px wide or less, hide the div element. Resize the browser window to see the effect.</p>

</body>
</html>

Skift skriftstørrelse med medieforespørgsler

Du kan også bruge medieforespørgsler til at ændre skriftstørrelsen på et element forskellige skærmstørrelser:

Variable Font Size.

Eksempel

 /* If the screen size is 601px or   more, set the font-size of <div> to 80px */
@media only screen and (min-width: 601px) {
	{
		font-size: 80px;
	}
}
/* If the screen size is 600px or less, set the font-size of <div> to 30px */
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
	div.example {
		font-size: 30px;
	}
}

Prøv det selv →

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<style>
div.example {
  background-color: lightgrey;
  padding: 20px;
}

@media screen and (min-width: 600px) {
  div.example {
    font-size: 80px;
  }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
  div.example {
    font-size: 30px;
  }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Change the font size of an element on different screen sizes</h2>

<div class="example">Example DIV.</div>

<p>When the browser's width is 600px wide or less, set the font-size of DIV to 30px. When it is 601px or wider, set the font-size to 80px. Resize the browser window to see the effect.</p>

</body>
</html>

CSS @media Reference

For en fuld oversigt over alle medietyper og funktioner/udtryk, se venligst @media-reglen i vores CSS-reference.